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Suresh Sethi

Suresh Sethi

Eugene McDermott Chair
Endowed Professorship - Management
Director of Center for Intelligent Supply Networks,
 
972-883-6245
SOM3401
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Professional Preparation

Ph.D. - Industrial Administration
Carnegie Mellon University - 1972
Ph.D. - Major: Operations Research Minor: Industrial Administration
Carnegie Mellon University - 1972
M.S.I.A.
Carnegie Mellon University - 1971
M.S. - Busness Adminstration
Washington State University - 1969
M.B.A. - Production Management
Washington State University - 1969
B. Tech. - Major: Mechanical Engineering Minor: Industrial Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology - 1967

Research Areas

Research Interests
  • Supply Chain Management
  • Partially Observed Inventory Models
  • Hierarchical Decisions in Dynamic Stochastic Manufacturing Systems
  • Dynamic and Stochastic Competitive Advertising Models
  • Optimal Pricing, Development and Maintenance of Software
  • Decision, Forecast, and Rolling Horizons in Dynamic Optimization Problems
  • Scheduling and Sequencing in Robotic Cells
  • Mathematical Finance
  • Genuine Savings and Value of Population
Teaching Interests

Supply Chain Management
Optimal Control Theory and Applications
Management Science/Operations Research

Graduate Courses Taught (1997-present)
MAS8V25 Research Seminar on Optimal Control Applications
OPRE6363 Inventory Control
OPRE7320 Optimal Control Theory
OPRE7351 Seminar in Operations Management

Current and Future Research Interests
  • Supply Chain Management
  • Partially Observed Inventory Models
  •  Hierarchical Decisions in Dynamic Stochastic Manufacturing Systems
  •  Dynamic and Stochastic Advertising Models
  • Optimal Pricing, Development and Maintenance of Software
  • Decision, Forecast, and Rolling Horizons in Dynamic Optimization Problems
  • Scheduling and Sequencing of Robotic Cells
  • Mathematical Finance
  • Genuine Savings and Value of Population
Short Bio

Suresh P. Sethi is Eugene McDermott Professor of Operations Management and Director of the Center for Intelligent Supply Networks at The University of Texas at Dallas. He has written 7 books and published nearly 400 research papers in the fields of manufacturing and operations management, finance and economics, marketing, and optimization theory. He teaches a course on optimal control theory/applications and organizes a seminar series on operations management topics. He initiated and developed the doctoral programs in operations management at both University of Texas at Dallas and University of Toronto. He serves on the editorial boards of several journals including Production and Operations Management and SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization. He was named a Fellow of The Royal Society of Canada in 1994. Two conferences were organized and two books edited in his honor in 2005-6. Other honors include: IEEE Fellow (2001), INFORMS Fellow (2003), AAAS Fellow (2003), POMS Fellow (2005), IITB Distinguished Alum (2008), SIAM Fellow (2009), POMS President (2012).

Publications

Bensoussan, A. akanyildirim, M., and Sethi, S.P., Inventory Control with Partial Observations, SIAM. forthcoming - Publication
Bensoussan, A., Chen, S. and Sethi, S.P., Linear-Quadratic Differential Games with Mixed Leadership: The Open-Loop Solution, in Numerical Algebra, Control and Optimization, Special Edition to honor Professor George Leitmann, K.L. Teo and B.S. Goh (Eds.), forthcoming. forthcoming - Publication
Bensoussan, A., Chen, S., and Sethi, S.P., Feedback Stackelberg Solutions of Infinite-Horizon Stochastic Differential Games, A volume dedicated to Professor Charles Tapiero, Fouad El Ouardighi and Konstantin Kogan (Eds.), forthcoming. forthcoming - Publication
Prasad, A. and Sethi, S.P., Dynamic Advertising, Springer. forthcoming - Publication
Sethi, S.P. and Thompson, G.L., Optimal Control Theory: Applications to Management Science and Economics, Third Edition, Springer. forthcoming - Publication
Sethi, S.P. and Thompson, G.L., Solution Manual for Optimal Control Theory: Applications to Management Science and Economics, Third Edition, Springer. forthcoming - Publication
Chand, S. and Sethi, S.P., Multi-period Lot-sizing with Stationary Demand: Extension to Forecast Horizons, Handbook of EOQ Inventory Problems: Stochastic and Deterministic Models and Applications, Jason Choi (Ed.), Springer, New York, 2013, forthcoming. 2013 - Publication
Sethi, S.P., i3: Incomplete Information Inventory Models, Decision Line, October 2010, 16-19; reprinted in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Best Practices in Supply Chain Management, Bhubaneswar, India, November 22-23, 2012, 658-662. 2012 - Publication

Appointments

Eugene McDermott Professor of Operations Management
The University of Texas at Dallas [2011–Present]
Charles & Nancy Davidson Distinguished Professor
[2006–2011]
University of Texas at Dallas
Visiting Professor
GREQAM [2005–2005]
Visiting Professor
Bilkent University [2003–2003]
Visiting Professor
Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration [2002–2002]
Visiting Professor
University of Toronto [2001–2001]
Visiting Professor
University of Siena [2000–2000]
Visiting Professor
University of Vienna [1999–1999]
Visiting Professor
Curtin University [1998–1998]
Visiting Professor
Chinese University of Hong Kong [1997–1997]

Additional Information

Honors and Awards

2012

President, Production and Operations Management Society (POMS), a leading international society in the area with over 2000 members. INFORMS Financial Services Section Best Student Research Paper Award (Second Place), at the 2012 INFORMS Annual Meeting in Phoenix, AZ (October 14-17)

2011    

President Elect, Production and Operations Management Society (POMS)

2009      

Fellow, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) Citation: For contributions in optimal control applied to the management sciences and economics. Best Paper Award at the 13th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing, Moscow, Russia (June 3-5)

2008      

Outstanding Student Paper Award – Nominating Professor, Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology 2008 Conference(PICMET), Cape Town, South Africa (July 27-31) Citation:  PICMET is pleased to award this certificate to Professor Suresh Sethi in recognition of outstanding student mentoring for the paper “Cooperative Advertising and Pricing in a Dynamic Stochastic Supply Chain: Feedback Stackelberg Strategies” by Xiuli He. Distinguished Alumnus Award, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Citation:  Presented to Dr. Suresh Pal Sethi in recognition of his extraordinary accomplishments in Optimal Control Theory and its Applications in Operations Research and Management Science. (March 10)

2006

International Conference on Management Sciences: Optimization Models and Applications in Honor of Professor Suresh Sethi, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, May 20-22, 2006.

2005  

POMS Fellow Optimal Control and Dynamic Games: Workshop in Honor of Suresh Sethi, Aix en Provence, France, June 2-6, 2005, resulting in publication of Optimal Control and Dynamic Games, Applications in Finance, Management Science and Economics, Series: Advances in Computational Management Science, Vol. 7, C. Deissenberg and R.F. Hartl (Eds.), Springer, Netherlands, 2005. (344 pages - ISBN: 978-0-387-25804-1)

2004

Wickham-Skinner Best Paper Award at The 2nd World Conference on POM, 15th Annual Production and Operations Management Conference, Cancun, Mexico, April 30 - May 3, 2004.

2003 

INFORMS Fellow Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS) Citation AAAS Fellow American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Citation

2001

 IEEE Fellow Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Citation Outstanding Contribution in Education Award, Greater Dallas Indo- American Chamber of Commerce Senior Member, Operational Research Society of India (ORSI) First listed in Marquis Who's Who in the World. First listed in Marquis Who's Who in the America. 2000 Senior Research Fellow of the IC2 Institute. 1999 Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York Academy Citation 1997 First listed in Canadian Who's Who, U. of T. Press. 1997 Guest Professor, Patel Institute of Management and Information Technology, Bishanpura, Sector-58, Noida-201301, India. 1996 Award of Merit of Canadian Operational Research Society (CORS)  CORS Citation Honorary Professor, Zhejiang Univ. of Technology, Hangzhou, China 1995  Senior Member, The Inst. of Electrical and Electronics Eng. (IEEE)  Distinguished Visiting Professor, Department of Systems Engineering, Chinese Univ. of Hong Kong (May - June) 1994 Fellow of The Academies of Arts, Humanities and Sciences of Canada (FRSC) - (also known as the Royal Society of Canada) Royal Society Citation  Municipal Chair Professor, University of Lyon 1 (April - June) 1992 Best Paper Award at POM-92 (second prize), The 3rd Annual Meeting of Production and Operations Management Society held in Orlando, FL (Oct. 18-21) POM Citation "Presented to S. Sethi, M. Taksar, and Q. Zhang for their paper 'Capacity and Production Decisions in Stochastic Manufacturing Systems; An Asymptotic Optimal Hierarchical Approach,' which develops a new paradigm for linking the strategic capacity decision and operational decisions." 1991 Erskine Fellow (Feb. - March) University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ 1990 Full Member, Operations Research Society of America (ORSA)   1988-92 General Motors Research Professor, University of Toronto

1984-85 Connaught Senior Research Fellow, University of Toronto

1971 Phi Kappa Phi (National Honor Society in all fields)

1969 Beta Gamma Sigma (National Honor Society in Business Administration)

 1969-72 GSIA and Mellon Fellowships

1967-69 Teaching A ssistantships

1961-67 Merit Scholarships

Nominations
  • 2001 Nominated for the SIAM's Ralph E. Kleinman Prize.
  • 1999 Nominated to be an MSOM Fellow.
  • 1998 Nominated to be a Foreign Fellow in the Indian National Science Academy.
  • 1996
  • Nominated to be a Foreign Member in the National Academy of Engineering (USA) .
  • Nominated for the Sir John William Dawson Medal of the Royal Society of Canada (awarded for important and sustained contribution by one individual in at least two different domains in the general area of interest of the Royal Society of Canada or in a broad domain that transcends the usual disciplinary boundaries); decision pending.
  • The 1994 Sethi-Zhang book nominated for the 1996 INFORMS Award for the Best Research Publication in Applied Probability.
  • 1995 Nominated for a University Professorship at University of Toronto.
PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE AND ACTIVITY

a. Science Academies and Research Institutes

Fellow, The Royal Society of Canada (The Canadian Academies of Science)

Fellow, New York Academy of Sciences (NYAS)

Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Senior Research Fellow, IC2 Institute, University of Texas at Austin

b. Membership in Professional Societies

Canadian Operational Research Society (CORS)

Decision Sciences Institute (DSI)

Fellow, Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)

Institute of Industrial Engineers (lIE)

International Society on Methodology for Complex Societal Problems

Operations Research Society of India (ORSI), Life Member

Fellow, Production and Operations Management Society (POMS), Life Member

Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM)

Society of Operations Management (India)

Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

The Society of Management Science and Applied Cybernetics (SMSAC) (India)

c. Contributed and Invited Papers presented in Conferences

The list is available on request.

d. Invited Talks at Universities/Institutes

2008 National Institute of Industrial Engineers, Bombay, India (March 11)

Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, India (March 12)

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India (March 18)

Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX (March 28)

2007 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland (Feb.27)

University of Osnabruck, Osnabruck, Germany (March 1)

University of Venice, Venice, Italy (March 5)

Institute of Mathematical Finance, Frankfurt, Germany, (March 6)

University of Kuwait, Kuwait City, Kuwait, (March 18)

Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile (August 3)

University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY (October 23)

Center for Mathematics Research (CIMAT), Guanajuato, Mexico (Nov. 12)

2006 University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada (May 2-3)

University of California, Riverside, CA (May 11)

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (June 3)

Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey (July 7)

Carnegie Mellon University (August 21-22)

2005 Laboratoire d'Automatique de Grenoble, Grenoble, France (June 16)

ESADE, Barcelona, Spain (July 1)

University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii (July 15)

Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan (July 19, 22)

University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (Sept. 16)

University of St. Thomas, Manila, Philippines (Dec. 3)

University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines (Dec. 5)

Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China (Dec. 24)

2004 Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India (January 12)

Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India (January 12)

University of Washington, Seattle, WA (February 13)

University of Texas, Austin, TX (March 8)

2003 University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (February 21)

University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN (March 13)

Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey (July 11)

Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey (July 18)

Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (October 7)

Tulane University, New Orleans, LA (November 3)

University of Texas at Dallas, TX (November 17)

Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India (December 12)

Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India (December 17)

Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India (December 18)

National Institute of Technology & Industrial Engineering, Bombay, India (December 28)

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India (December 29)

2002  Columbia University, New York, NY (February 26)

Lund University, Lund, Sweden (May 31)

Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration,Helsinki, Finland (June 11,25)

Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland (June 13)

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (November 12)

University of California, Berkeley, CA (November 20)

Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA (November 21) 

American A irlines, Dallas, TX (December 5)

2001 Purdue University, Lafayette, IN (April 27)

Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK (June 11)

University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (July 20)

University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil (August 15)

2000 Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey (June 19)

Universita' di Siena, Siena, Italy (June 21 and June 26)

Universita' di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy (July 3)

Universita' di Padova, Padova, Italy (July 4)

Universita' di Brescia, Brescia, Italy (July 5)

Universita' di Pisa, Pisa, Italy (July 7)

Universita' degli Studi di L'Aquila, Coppito, Italy (July 11)

Swiss Federal Institute of Tech., Zurich, Switzerland, (August 23)

The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (October 30)

Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India (December 18) 1999 Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (March 8) University of Houston, Houston, TX (March 10-11) University of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland (June 18) Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France (June 22) University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (June 28) Universitaet Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany (June 23) 1998 The University of Texas, Austin, TX (March 13) The Univ. of Texas at Dallas, Dept.of Math.,Richardson, TX (Nov. 17) 1997 University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX (Jan. 31) National Taiwan Institute of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan (Apr. 10) National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan (Apr. 11) National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan (Apr. 16) Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China (Apr. 24) Xian Jiao-Tong University, Xian, China (Apr. 29) Qinghua University, Beijing, China (May 6) Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academia Sinica, Beijing (May 8) Hong Kong University of Science And Technology, Hong Kong (July) 1996 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (April) Qinghua University, Beijing, China (June 3) Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, China (June 6) Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India (Dec. 10) Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India (Dec.) 1995 Bilkent University, Indust. Eng., Ankara, Turkey (April 7, Sept 11) Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, (June 14) National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan (June) Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India (July 5) 1994 LAAS, CNRS, Toulouse, France (May 13) Ecole des Mines des Nantes, Nantes, France (May 17) Universite Nantes, Dept. of Economics, France (May 17) Universite Lyon 1, INSA, Lyon, France (May 19, 26) University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (June 2) INRIA - Lorrain, Metz, France (June 6) Columbia University, New York City (Nov. 22) 1993 Carnegie Mellon University, GSIA (Oct. 16) Carleton University, Ottawa 1992 Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India (Jan. 10) Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand (Jan. 20, 21) University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (March 16) Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France (April) INRIA - Lorraine, Metz, France (April) Imperial College of Science, Engineering and Medicine, London, England, (June 24) University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario (July 20) 1991 University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, (March 5,12,19) Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand (Mar. 22) University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand (March 25) Auckland University, Auckland, New Zealand (March 26) Wichita State University, Wichita, KS (Oct. 1) McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario (Oct. 28) 1990 University of Toronto, Dept. of Industrial Engineering (November) The University of New South Wales, Kensington, N.S.W., Australia (December) The University of Western Australia, Nedland, W.A., Australia (December) 1988 GERAD, Universite de Montreal, Montreal 1987 Fraunhofer Institut fuer Arbeitswirtschaft und Organization, Stuttgart, West Germany Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India National Institute for Training in Industrial Eng, Bombay, India Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France Inst. of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland 1986 Shanghai Jiao-Tong Univ., Shanghai, China Xi an Jiao-Tong University, Xian, China Nankai University, Tianjin, China Zhong shan University, Guangzhou, China National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore Technical University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. 1985 Applied Mathematics, Brown University, Providence, R.I. GERAD, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec 1984 Technische Universitaet, Vienna, Austria University of Modena, Modena, Italy Fraunhofer Institut fuer Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation, Stuttgart, Germany Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia The University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia The University of New Castle, New Castle, Australia University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia Monash University, Melbourne, Australia National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 1983 GERAD, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 1982 Tillburg University, Tillburg, The Netherlands Industrial & Operations Engineering, U. Of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. School of Management, SUNY, Buffalo, New York 1981 Universitaet Konstanz, Konstanz, West Germany GERAD, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec 1980 Technische Universitaet, Vienna, Austria Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria Universitaet Graz, Graz, Austria Universitaet Bremen, Bremen, Germany Goethe Universitaet, Frankfurt, Germany Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, India INRIA, Rocquencourt, France 1972 - 79 Harvard Business School, Boston, MA University of Chicago Business School, Chicago, IL Sloan School, MIT, Cambridge, MA Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY GSIA, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Wharton, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA School of Management, SUNY, Buffalo, NY Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario

News Articles

Business Prof Honored by Alma Mater in Bombay
Business Prof Honored by Alma Mater in Bombay As a small child growing up in the 1950s in the rural village of Ladnun in the Nagaur district of Rajasthan, Dr. Suresh Sethi had never even heard of the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IITB). In March, the highly regarded UT Dallas School of Management professor will be named an IITB Distinguished Alum. The institute each year honors high-achieving alumni who have gained significant distinction in their fields. He joins an elite group of IITB alumni honored for making their mark in board rooms, industries and universities. “IITB is a premier university, and I feel very honored and humbled to receive this prestigious award,” Sethi said. “It’s a confirmation by your peers that you’ve done well. It’s a nice feeling that they chose me.” In a letter to Sethi, Ashok Misra, director of the IITB, said the university is proud to see IITB alumni reach “positions of eminence in industry, academia and business.”
Honor Recognizes Operations Management Expert
School of Management Professor Suresh P. Sethi has been named to the inaugural class of fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). The honor salutes Dr. Sethi for his work in optimal control applied to the management sciences and economics. He joins 193 other honorees as a charter member in the SIAM Fellows Program, which recognizes contributions to the field of applied math and computational science. Dr. Sethi is the Charles and Nancy Davidson Distinguished Professor of Operations Management and director of The School of Management Center for Intelligent Supply Networks. He is internationally known for applying quantitative methods to manufacturing and operations management and has also made fundamental contributions to finance, economics and marketing. His current research interests include supply chain management, inventory control and mathematical finance.
UT Dallas' Suresh Sethi Elected Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science
RICHARDSON, Texas (Feb. 25, 2004) — The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) has elected Professor Suresh Sethi of the School of Management at The University of Texas at Dallas to the ranks of AAAS Fellow.    Dr. Sethi is one of only 348 AAAS members, from a total membership of 140,000, elected to the status of fellow by the organization's council in 2004.   He accepted his award in ceremonies in Seattle earlier this month. 

AAAS Chief Executive Officer Alan I. Leshner said fellows are members of the organization who have made distinguished efforts on behalf of the advancement of science or it applications.   The AAAS Fellowship was established in 1874.   AAAS is recognizing Sethi specifically for his contributions to hierarchical decisions in manufacturing, investment/consumption problems with bankruptcy, forecast horizons in dynamic optimization and optimal control applications to management problems.
UTD’s Dr. Suresh Sethi Is Elected POMS Fellow
RICHARDSON, Texas (Feb. 15, 2005) – The Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) has elected Professor Suresh Sethi of the School of Management at The University of Texas at Dallas to the ranks of POMS Fellow. Dr. Sethi is one of only eight POMS members, from a total membership of more than 1,000, elected to the status of fellow by the organization in 2005. He will accept his award in ceremonies in Chicago in May. 

POMS Chief Executive Director Sushil Gupta said fellows are members of the organization who are recognized for their contributions to the field of operations management and to the organization. He said Sethi’s contributions to both have been “outstanding and exceptional.”
Jindal Professors' Work on Inventory Management Keeps Adding Up
Jindal Professors' Work on Inventory Management Keeps Adding Up Inventory inaccuracy is common for many businesses. While cash registers track incoming orders and outgoing sales, inaccuracy arises because of unrecorded issues including spoilage, damage and theft. 

Three professors in the Naveen Jindal School of Management have researched inventory management for more than 10 years, and, in their latest study, published in the January issue of Production and Operations Management, they developed a new mathematical model to apply to inventory problems. 

Funding

Theory and Applications to Operations Management
- (Leave Fellowship) [2018–2018]
Statistical Updating Methods In Risk and Decision Analysis: Applications to Supply Chains (with A. Bensoussan and Metin Cakanyildirim)
$79,000 - ARP [2006–2008]
Inventory Control with Partial Observations and Inspections (with A. Bensoussan and Metin Cakanyildirim)
$200,000 - NSF [2005–2008]
Renewal
$245,000 - NSERC [1997]
Renewal
$11,385 - NSERC [1997–1998]